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Short-circuit voltage and current
The output voltage of the transformer depends on the type of load and on
the load current. One measure for voltage change is the short-circuit
voltage, which is the voltage that must be applied to the input winding
so that it consumes the rated current when the output winding is
short-circuited. In transformers with low internal resistance the output
voltage only drops off slightly under load. This kind of transformer
has a rigid voltage characteristic. Transformers with high short-circuit
voltage are called voltage compliant or flexible. Critical for the
short-circuit response is the dispersion which differs for various
winding arrangements.
Power dissipation and efficiency
The efficiency of transformers is specified as the ratio between active
power output and absorbed active power. Transformation of electrical
energy in real transformers involves power loss. This includes the
load-dependent losses in the winding impedance, as well as the voltage
and frequency dependent magnetic and eddy current losses arising in the
magnetic circuit. The power loss is converted into thermal energy. The
iron losses are measured in no-load operation whereas the winding losses
are measured in short-circuit experiments.
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